dos. Material and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Particularly, the fresh new WBQ provides: (A) data into the profile of one’s fellow member; (B) recording regarding consumption to your period of the previous month from solid and you will water food, water or drinks regarding a partial-quantitative dining volume questionnaire (FFQ) off 58 meals validated to have estimating time intake additionally the additional sugar and honey which is set in beverages; and you will (C) quote regarding physical working out with regards to this new Around the world Physical activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and this details lifetime of exercise in the about three pastime account (serious, average, lightweight get it done) otherwise sedentary requirements. Brand new IPAQ could have been verified previously once the a mix-federal means to have tape physical working out [20,21,22] and to imagine energy costs.
The power and you may liquids blogs away from registered snacks and you may drinks are assessed using the Eating plan Study Also (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and that spends structure investigation regarding USDA National Nutrient Database and you will chosen Greek food (we.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek natural yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, multiple Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . According to overall times intake and energy expenditure, energy balance are examined too.
Within this investigation, “drinks” describes fruit juice otherwise packaged liquid 100% instead glucose blogs, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (fruits nectar having glucose, sodas with glucose and energy/isotonic beverages), low-calorie sodas, tea and you may herbal infusions, milk products (all types of milk products, chocolate whole milk and cocoa drink), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee-and coffee beverages, and alcoholic drinks (beer, wines and all sorts of sorts of alcoholic drinks). “Take in energy intake (DEI)” describes time consumption out of products “complete times consumption (TEI)” in order to energy intake off the provide and you can “opportunity intake regarding edibles” in order to energy consumption out-of good and you may water ingredients (age.g., soups). New share from drinks organizations in order to full time intake (studies regarding Malisova et al. 2013), showed because the overall water intake (TWI), i.elizabeth., water regarding products, liquid, strong and you can water edibles so that as drink intake of water (DWI), i.age., h2o out of beverages and water.
3. Mathematical Data
Answers are exhibited since imply ± sd for the generally speaking marketed variables and average (P25–P75) for the skewed of these. Normality try tested using the opportunities–chances plot (P–P patch) and you can histograms. Differences when considering men and women regarding the https://kissbrides.com/brazilian-women/americana/ full times consumption, energy out-of drinks, time away from delicacies, energy costs, energy equilibrium, water intake, water out-of water and you will drinks, drinking water out-of drinks, water of drinking water, water from products, h2o losings and you will water harmony were assessed with the independent test t-sample to your typically distributed details in addition to Mann-Whittney You-attempt into skewed of them. Furthermore, differences when considering the brand new four quartiles of your energy regarding beverages have been assessed on the you to-method ANOVA F-try to your generally delivered parameters and Kruskal-Wallis H Test for the skewed of these. Benefits top are place on 5%. Correlations within share of drinks in order to intake of water during the relation so you can energy during the winter season and you may june was in fact examined by Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients having usually distributed or skewed details. Most of the statistical analyses performed having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).